Pali, Sanskrit and similar languages have sounds not regularly found in English. Thus, in order to represent these sounds using an English ("Latin") alphabet, English letters are modified using diacritical marks (such as horizontal lines over vowels, and dots under consonants). In Pali, these letters (listed in typical Pali alphabet order) include:

• the long a (ā)
• the long i (ī)
• the long u (ū)
• the gutteral n (ṅ)
• the cerebral t (ṭ)
• the cerebral d (ḍ)
• the cerebral n (ṇ)
• the cerebral l (ḷ)
• the pure-nasal niggahīta (ṃ).

In the above list, if you are unable to see the parenthesized Pali letters and would like to be able to do so, it is recommended that you download a font such as "Times Ext Roman," available at http://www.bahaindex.com/software/fonts/.